History of 1 May: Why Labour Day Is Celebrated Around the World
Every year on May 1, countries around the world celebrate Labour Day – also known as International Workers’ Day or May Day. But beyond the parades, speeches, and public holidays, the story of May 1 is not just about celebrations—it’s about struggle, sacrifice, and the enduring fight for workers’ rights.
The Origins
The story of 1 May as Labour Day begins in the late 19th century, during the rise of the industrial revolution. Working conditions in factories were extremely harsh: workers, including women and children, often worked 12-16 hour days in unsafe conditions for low wages, and there were no unions, no sick leave, and no benefits.
The Fight for the 8-Hour Workday
Amidst the growing unrest, labour unions in the United States organized a nationwide strike for a more humane work schedule. Their main demand was clear – 8 hours of work, 8 hours of rest, and 8 hours of personal time. The movement gained significant momentum, especially in Chicago, which became the epicenter of the protests.
The Haymarket Affair (May 4, 1886)
Three days later, on May 4, 1886, workers gathered peacefully in Haymarket Square, Chicago. During this peaceful event, an unknown person threw a bomb at police, the blast killed several police officers and civilians. In response, the police opened fire, killing and injuring many. Though the bomber was never identified, several union leaders were arrested and executed in what many considered an unjust trial.
This tragic event became known as the Haymarket Affair, and it immortalized May 1 as a symbol of workers’ sacrifice and resistance.
Global Recognition of 1 May
In 1889, the Second International, a alliance of socialist and labour groups, declared May 1 as International Workers’ Day to honor the Haymarket martyrs and advance the cause of workers’ rights. Since then, the day has become a global symbol of worker solidarity and protest.
Around the World
Since then, May 1st has been recognized as a public holiday in over 80 countries, including India, where it is celebrated as Workers’ Day or International Workers’ Day. Rallies, demonstrations and cultural events are held to recognise the contribution of workers and press for better conditions.
In India, Labour Day was first celebrated in 1923 in Chennai (then Madras), organized by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan under Comrade Singaravelu Chettiar, marking the beginning of organized efforts to recognize workers’ rights within the country. He also raised the red flag for the first time in India, which later became a symbol of labour movements.
Interestingly, the United States, where the movement began, celebrates Labour Day on the first Monday of September, partly to avoid associations with socialist movements.
Conclusion
The history of May 1 as Labour Day is a story of ordinary people demanding dignity, fairness, and balance in their lives. From the fiery streets of 19th-century Chicago to the protests and parades of today, May 1 Day continues to remind us that workers’ rights were hard-won—and must be defended.
Whether you’re a factory worker, office employee, gig worker, or freelancer, May Day is your day. A day to honor those who came before, and to shape the future of work for generations to come.